破产程序中的管理人如何揭开融资租赁类债权“面纱”_开正文苑_开正头条-山东开正律师事务所
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破产程序中的管理人如何揭开融资租赁类债权“面纱”

编辑:开正律师事务所 发布时间:2020-06-23 浏览量:330
<p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">作者</span></strong><strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"> &nbsp;| &nbsp;</span></strong><strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">孙小鹏</span></strong><strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"></span></strong><strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">王文贺</span></strong></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">北京大成(长春)律师事务所</span></strong></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">来源</span></strong><strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"> &nbsp;| &nbsp;作者授权《破产法实务》</span></strong></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">融资租赁业务因其自身独特、灵活、低成本的特点,在迅速扩张的融资性金融产品风口上越吹越高,愈演愈烈。近几年来,随着社会资源不断优化,大量不适应市场发展规律的企业走向破产,其中融资租赁业务中的承租人企业破产的情况更是常态化。作为承租人企业的破产管理人在对此类债权进行审查时,如何认定法律关系就显得尤为关键,即融资租赁业务中的出租人作为债权人申报的破产债权是否为</span>“名为融资租赁,实为其他法律关系”。破产管理人厘清此问题,就犹如揭开融资租赁类债权的“面纱”,对该类债权性质认定、债权数额确定以及后续重整计划的制订和执行均具有重要意义。本文笔者结合相关法律规定,检索和分析最高人民法院的司法判例,总结出破产法语境下识别融资租赁类债权法律关系的判断标准和审查方法。</span></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;background:#39998d;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;color:#ffffff;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">一、法律规定的分析</span></strong></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">在《最高人民法院关于审理融资租赁合同纠纷案件适用法律问题的解释》中第一条就开篇明义规定:人民法院应当根据合同法第二百三十七条的规定,结合标的物的性质、价值、租金的构成以及当事人的合同权利和义务,对是否构成融资租赁法律关系作出认定。对名为融资租赁合同,但实际不构成融资租赁法律关系的,人民法院应按照其实际构成的法律关系处理。</span></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">依据《合同法》第二百三十七条规定:</span>“融资租赁合同是出租人根据承租人对出卖人、租赁物的选择,向出卖人购买租赁物,提供给承租人使用,承租人支付租金的合同。”</span></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">从上述法律规定可以看出,融资租赁法律关系中包括两个交易行为,一是出卖人和出租人之间的买卖行为,二是承租人与出租人之间的租赁行为。虽然在售后回租模式下,出卖人与承租人系同一主体,但也不妨碍上述两个交易行为的同时存在。可见上述两个交易行为相互结合才能构成完整的融资租赁合同关系,缺一不可,即融资租赁法律关系必须要同时具有</span>“融资”和“融物”这两个属性。</span></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">对于融资租赁业务自身就具备的</span>“融资属性”很好理解,但需同时具备“融物属性”这一融资租赁法律关系的独有特点,就显得尤为关键。因此,对于“融物属性”的审查和判定是认定融资租赁法律关系的“牛鼻子”。</span></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;background:#39998d;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;color:#ffffff;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">二、</span>“融物属性”的判断标准</span></strong></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">笔者通过分析最高人民法院(</span>2018)最高法民终118号和(2018)最高法民再373号的两个司法案例,梳理出最高人民法院对于融资租赁法律关系中“融物”属性认定的倾向性观点和判断标准。即需要通过审查租赁物是否客观存在且特定化;租赁物是否与合同约定一致;租赁物价值是否与租金构成存在较大差异;转让价款是否合理;所有权是否发生转移及转移手续是否符合法律规定等五个方面来综合判断此类业务本身是否具有“融物属性”,以此认定是否成立融资租赁法律关系。</span></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">另外,在天津市高级人民法院《关于审理融资租赁合同纠纷案件若干问题的审判委员会纪要(一)》第六部分规定:</span>“判断融资租赁法律关系是否成立,应当充分考虑出租人受让的租赁物是否真实存在且特定化、租赁物与合同约定是否一致、租赁物的价值与租金构成是否存在较大差异、所有权转移手续是否符合法律规定等因素。对于名为融资租赁合同但实际不构成融资租赁法律关系的,应当对实际构成的法律关系进行审查,依法认定合同效力以及当事人的权利义务。”</span></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">综上,目前在司法实践中,对于融资租赁法律关系中</span>“融物属性”的判断标准基本是确定、统一的,这也是对《最高人民法院关于审理融资租赁合同纠纷案件适用法律问题的解释》第一条中规定的构成融资租赁法律关系判断标准的明确和细化。</span></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;background:#39998d;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;color:#ffffff;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">三、</span>“融物属性”的审查方法</span></strong></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">针对上述融物属性的判断标准,破产管理人如何在破产程序中进行审查和认定,笔者通过总结以往破产案件经验,以下将从租赁物特定化认定、租赁物转让价款合理性判断、租赁物所有权转移三个方面进行具体阐述。</span></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;color:#39998d;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">(一)租赁物特定化认定</span></strong></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">如租赁物不是客观存在的,则必然不构成融资租赁法律关系,这是毋庸置疑的。但是在司法实践中,经常会出现租赁物不特定,无法区分此物与彼物的问题,而</span>“一物多融”、“重复融资”的现象更是屡见不鲜,这也给破产管理人如何认定融资租赁债权带来了极大的麻烦。针对此问题,破产管理人可充分借助评估机构对于现场实物盘点的工作底稿和工作成果,并结合向破产企业收集的租赁物所有权凭证原件、租赁物购货合同、销售发票原件、租赁物保险凭证原件等材料,与融资租赁合同中的租赁物清单进行核对。</span></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">同时,根据融资租赁的相关行业规范,融资租赁公司办理融资租赁交易业务时,应在租赁物的显著位置作出专属标识,并应当在中国人民银行征信中心的动产融资统一登记平台进行登记。这些都为破产管理人对于</span>“融物属性”的判断提供了可操作性的指引。</span></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">综上,破产管理人通过现场走访破产企业,借助评估机构工作成果,实际核查租赁物原始凭证及网络查询租赁物权属信息等方法认定租赁物是否特定化。</span></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;color:#39998d;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">(二)租赁物转让价款合理性判断</span></strong></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">对于租赁物转让价款合理性的判定,最直接的办法就是通过审查在叙做融资租赁业务时评估机构所出具的评估报告,对其确认的租赁物净值与转让价款进行金额比较,如评估报告中租赁物净值大于转让价款,则基本可以认定租赁物的转让价款在合理范围内。</span></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">但往往在实践中融资租赁公司叙做业务时,急于放款赚取利润,同时,承租人又急需资金进行经营周转,双方没有按照规定对租赁物进行评估作价或者评估仅是流于形式。那么在这种情况下,破产管理人需借助破产程序中委托的评估机构,参考以破产申请受理日为基准日的评估报告数据,并参照融资租赁合同约定的租赁物折旧或者符合会计准则、评估方法的折旧定价依据进行反向推算,充分考虑租赁物价值、其他成本以及合理利润等情况,对租赁物转让价款的合理性进行综合判断。</span></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;color:#39998d;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">(三)租赁物所有权转移</span></strong></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">在传统意义的融资租赁交易中,租赁物所有权转移并无争议。但在售后回租模式中,因承租人与出卖人为同一主体,租赁物可能并不发生实际转移,导致租赁物的所有权转移时间节点不清晰,进而影响了融资租赁法律关系的认定和判断。对于此问题,笔者认为不能仅凭双方签署的所有权转移凭证、交接单等书面材料简单认定租赁物的所有权转移,对此问题应进行实质审查、从严把握。</span></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">首先,对于出租人、承租人是否存在法律上无法真正转移所有权的情形,如承租人是否存在无权处分、出租人是否构成善意取得等问题进行判断。在最高人民法院(</span>2014)民二终字第109号案件中,最高人民法院认为:在合同订立前,租赁物已被有关行政主管部门认定为超规划建设的违章建筑,在租赁期间,该项目亦未取得商品房预售许可,故案涉商品房(即租赁物)所有权无法从出卖人移转至出租人。最终认定案涉融资租赁交易,只有融资,没有融物,双方之间的真实意思表示名为融资租赁,实为借款法律关系。</span></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">其次,应核查出租人是否在租赁物上张贴专属标识,是否进行公示登记。同时应调取承租人企业(破产企业)内部决策文件等材料,综合判断所有权转移手续是否完备。</span></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">综上,租赁物所有权转移系</span>“融物属性”判断的重要一环,其系连接买卖行为与租赁行为的纽带。破产管理人对此问题进行审查时既要坚持审慎原则,又要坚持穿透原则。</span></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;background:#39998d;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;color:#ffffff;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">四、结语</span></strong></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:0.544px;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;font-size:15px;font-family:宋体;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">当破产程序遇到融资租赁时,融资租赁类债权人、破产企业、其他债权人之间的清偿利益平衡问题将进一步凸显。破产管理人如何确定</span>“融物属性”,进而认定是否构成融资租赁法律关系,是揭开融资租赁类债权“面纱”的关键,也是破产管理人经常需要面对的实际问题。本文笔者通过浅显的分析,总结出“融物属性”的判断标准和审查认定办法,希望通过此文与各位读者进行思维碰撞、交流研讨。</span></p><p style="padding:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;color:#4e9978;font-family:-apple-system-font, blinkmacsystemfont, arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing:1.5px;text-align:justify;background-color:#ffffff;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;word-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><p><br /></p>

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